{
  "event": {
    "id": "evt-us-eo-13953-2020",
    "date": "2020-09-30",
    "jurisdiction": "us",
    "issuingBody": "President of the United States (Executive Office of the President)",
    "titleOriginal": "Addressing the Threat to the Domestic Supply Chain From Reliance on Critical Minerals From Foreign Adversaries and Supporting the Domestic Mining and Processing Industries",
    "titleOriginalLang": "en",
    "titleEn": "Addressing the Threat to the Domestic Supply Chain From Reliance on Critical Minerals From Foreign Adversaries and Supporting the Domestic Mining and Processing Industries",
    "titleEnSource": "na",
    "documentNumber": "Executive Order 13953; 85 FR 62539 (FR Doc. 2020-22064)",
    "policyStatus": "in_force",
    "mechanism": [
      "supply_chain_security",
      "designation"
    ],
    "affectedMaterialIds": [
      "rare-earth-elements",
      "gallium",
      "germanium",
      "graphite",
      "antimony",
      "tungsten",
      "lithium",
      "cobalt"
    ],
    "affectedSectors": [
      "defense",
      "semiconductor",
      "energy",
      "battery",
      "industrial"
    ],
    "summary": "Signed 30 September 2020 under IEEPA, the National Emergencies Act and 3 U.S.C. 301, the order declares a national emergency over US reliance on critical minerals from foreign adversaries. Section 1(a) directs the Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with Treasury, Defense, Commerce and other agencies, to investigate that reliance and report to the President within 60 days, recommending executive action that \"may include the imposition of tariffs or quotas, other import restrictions against China and other non-market foreign adversaries\"; section 1(b) requires a threat update every 180 days. Section 2(a) makes it US policy to prioritise expansion and protection of the domestic minerals supply chain, so that the United States develops supply chains that \"do not depend on resources or processing from foreign adversaries\". \"Critical minerals\" is defined by reference to the minerals identified by the Secretary of the Interior under EO 13817 as amended by this order. The order amends EO 13817; the Federal Register's disposition record for it carried no revocation entry when accessed on 2026-08-12.",
    "analyticalSignificance": "The measure that converted US critical-minerals policy from designation and reporting into emergency authority, five years before the 2025 orders built on the same machinery. Unlike EO 14241 and EO 14272 — which speak of \"hostile foreign powers\" and leave the country unnamed — this order names the People's Republic of China directly and repeatedly, including in the operative instruction in section 1(a). That is the government's own text, not an inference drawn here, and it is why this record carries an explicit China-naming framing anchor where the 2025 orders do not.",
    "supersededByEventId": null,
    "sourceIds": [
      "src-fedreg-eo-13953"
    ],
    "verificationStatus": "verified",
    "intakeMode": "backfill",
    "lifecycle": {
      "officialPublicationDate": "2020-10-05",
      "discoveredAt": "2026-08-12",
      "verifiedAt": "2026-08-12",
      "publishedAt": null
    }
  },
  "framing": [
    {
      "id": "fc-us-eo13953-emergency",
      "eventId": "evt-us-eo-13953-2020",
      "actor": "us",
      "category": [
        "national_security",
        "economic_security"
      ],
      "quoteOriginal": "I therefore determine that our Nation's undue reliance on critical minerals, in processed or unprocessed form, from foreign adversaries constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat.",
      "quoteEn": "I therefore determine that our Nation's undue reliance on critical minerals, in processed or unprocessed form, from foreign adversaries constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat.",
      "quoteEnSource": "na",
      "sourceId": "src-fedreg-eo-13953",
      "notes": "The operative determination and emergency declaration, verbatim from the Federal Register text with the printed line breaks removed and nothing else altered. This is the IEEPA/NEA predicate for the whole order."
    },
    {
      "id": "fc-us-eo13953-china",
      "eventId": "evt-us-eo-13953-2020",
      "actor": "us",
      "category": [
        "national_security",
        "leverage_retaliation"
      ],
      "quoteOriginal": "Our dependence on one country, the People's Republic of China (China), for multiple critical minerals is particularly concerning.",
      "quoteEn": "Our dependence on one country, the People's Republic of China (China), for multiple critical minerals is particularly concerning.",
      "quoteEnSource": "na",
      "sourceId": "src-fedreg-eo-13953",
      "notes": "Verbatim, line breaks removed. Coded with leverage_retaliation because the order itself, in the operative instruction at section 1(a), directs that recommended action \"may include the imposition of tariffs or quotas, other import restrictions against China and other non-market foreign adversaries\" — the country is named by the government in its own operative text, so the label rests on the document rather than on any inference drawn here. Contrast EO 14241 and EO 14272, which leave the country unnamed and therefore carry no such label."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-fedreg-eo-13953",
      "title": "Executive Order 13953 — Addressing the Threat to the Domestic Supply Chain From Reliance on Critical Minerals From Foreign Adversaries and Supporting the Domestic Mining and Processing Industries",
      "publisher": "Executive Office of the President / Federal Register",
      "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-22064/addressing-the-threat-to-the-domestic-supply-chain-from-reliance-on-critical-minerals-from-foreign",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2020-10-05",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-08-12",
      "sourceType": "official",
      "confidence": "primary",
      "notes": "Canonical Federal Register text, 85 FR 62539 (FR Doc. 2020-22064), signed 30 September 2020. Read in full 2026-08-12 via the Federal Register full-text endpoint (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2020/10/05/2020-22064.txt). Source of the verbatim national-emergency determination, the section 2(a) policy statement, and the passages naming China. Note for re-verification: the printed text is hard-wrapped, so quoted passages here have had line breaks removed and no other alteration."
    }
  ]
}