{
  "event": {
    "id": "evt-cn-us-ban-2024",
    "date": "2024-12-03",
    "jurisdiction": "china",
    "issuingBody": "MOFCOM",
    "titleOriginal": "商务部公告2024年第46号 关于加强相关两用物项对美国出口管制的公告",
    "titleOriginalLang": "zh",
    "titleEn": "MOFCOM Announcement No. 46 of 2024 on strengthening export controls of dual-use items to the United States",
    "titleEnSource": "self",
    "documentNumber": "MOFCOM Announcement No. 46 (2024)",
    "policyStatus": "active",
    "mechanism": [
      "export_control",
      "countermeasure",
      "trade_action"
    ],
    "affectedMaterialIds": [
      "gallium",
      "germanium",
      "antimony",
      "graphite"
    ],
    "affectedSectors": [
      "defense",
      "semiconductor",
      "industrial"
    ],
    "summary": "Issued one day after a US BIS action adding ~140 entities and tightening chip controls, this barred, in principle, exports to the US of gallium, germanium, antimony, and superhard materials, prohibited all dual-use exports to US military end users/uses, and tightened graphite end-use review. The materials ban (Article 2) was suspended by MOFCOM Announcement No. 72 of 2025, effective to 27 November 2026; the Article 1 military-end-use prohibition was not addressed.",
    "analyticalSignificance": "The clearest country-specific escalation of the cycle: the first Chinese measure to name the United States as the destination and to close military end-uses outright. It is not a blanket export ban — clause 1 prohibits dual-use exports to US military users and uses, clause 2 denies licences in principle for gallium, germanium, antimony and superhard materials and tightens end-use review for graphite. The retaliation reading rests on the one-day-after-BIS timing and lives here, not in the quoted anchor, which states the national-security and non-proliferation justification.",
    "supersededByEventId": null,
    "sourceIds": [
      "src-mofcom-46",
      "src-mofcom-72",
      "src-cset-mofcom-46"
    ],
    "verificationStatus": "verified",
    "intakeMode": "backfill",
    "lifecycle": {
      "officialPublicationDate": "2024-12-03",
      "discoveredAt": null,
      "verifiedAt": null,
      "publishedAt": null
    }
  },
  "framing": [
    {
      "id": "fc-cn-us-ban-natsec",
      "eventId": "evt-cn-us-ban-2024",
      "actor": "china",
      "category": [
        "national_security",
        "compliance_modernization"
      ],
      "quoteOriginal": "为维护国家安全和利益、履行防扩散等国际义务",
      "quoteEn": "to safeguard national security and interests, and to fulfil international obligations including non-proliferation",
      "quoteEnSource": "self",
      "sourceId": "src-mofcom-46",
      "notes": "Justification clause of Announcement No. 46 (2024), verified verbatim against the MOFCOM primary. Re-anchored from CSET's bilingual translation to the primary: the wording coded from CSET (为了维护国家安全和利益，履行防扩散等国际义务) differs from the announcement, which reads 为维护国家安全和利益、履行防扩散等国际义务 — no 了, and an enumeration comma rather than a full comma. The English is the project's own rendering and now carries 等国际义务 (\"and other international obligations\"), which the previous translation dropped. The category follows the literal text (national security + non-proliferation/compliance); the retaliation reading rests on the one-day-after-BIS timing and is recorded in the event's analytical significance, not the quote. This re-anchoring was lost to an accidental working-tree revert on 2026-08-12 and restored the same day by re-fetching the primary."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-mofcom-46",
      "title": "商务部公告2024年第46号 关于加强相关两用物项对美国出口管制的公告",
      "publisher": "中华人民共和国商务部 (Ministry of Commerce, PRC)",
      "url": "https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/zwgk/zcfb/art/2024/art_3d5e990b43424e60828030f58a547b60.html",
      "language": "zh",
      "datePublished": "2024-12-03",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-08-12",
      "sourceType": "official",
      "confidence": "primary",
      "notes": "Chinese primary for Announcement No. 46 (2024). Read 2026-08-12. Justification clause verbatim: 为维护国家安全和利益、履行防扩散等国际义务 — this text does carry the non-proliferation limb, which Announcement No. 61 (2025) does not. Names 镓 (gallium), 锗 (germanium), 锑 (antimony) and 超硬材料 (superhard materials) for the US export ban, with 石墨 (graphite) subject to stricter end-use review. Rebuilt 2026-08-12 after the record was lost to an accidental working-tree revert; re-verified against the primary rather than restored from a copy."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mofcom-72",
      "title": "商务部公告2025年第72号 公布调整实施商务部公告2024年第46号的决定",
      "publisher": "中华人民共和国商务部 (Ministry of Commerce, PRC)",
      "url": "https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/zwgk/zcfb/art/2025/art_5c68985a6b1a46778e2e8dbff1bb1601.html",
      "language": "zh",
      "datePublished": "2025-11-09",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-08-12",
      "sourceType": "official",
      "confidence": "primary",
      "notes": "Chinese primary for Announcement No. 72 (2025), which suspends the second paragraph of Announcement No. 46 (2024) — the gallium/germanium/antimony/superhard-materials export ban on the United States. Read 2026-08-12; the operative sentence gives the suspension window verbatim as 自即日起至2026年11月27日 (from the date of issue to 27 November 2026). Rebuilt 2026-08-12 after the record was lost to an accidental working-tree revert; re-verified against the primary rather than restored from a copy."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-cset-mofcom-46",
      "title": "Ministry of Commerce Notice 2024 No. 46: Strengthening controls on exports of relevant dual-use items to the United States (CSET translation)",
      "publisher": "Center for Security and Emerging Technology (Georgetown University)",
      "url": "https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-rare-earth-export-ban/",
      "language": "bilingual",
      "datePublished": "2024-12-03",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-06-13",
      "sourceType": "think_tank",
      "confidence": "official_translation",
      "notes": "CSET institutional bilingual translation of Announcement No. 46 (2024); source of the verbatim Chinese justification clause."
    }
  ]
}