{
  "event": {
    "id": "evt-cn-graphite-2023",
    "date": "2023-10-20",
    "jurisdiction": "china",
    "issuingBody": "MOFCOM",
    "titleOriginal": "商务部 海关总署公告2023年第39号 关于优化调整石墨物项临时出口管制措施的公告",
    "titleOriginalLang": "zh",
    "titleEn": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 39 of 2023 on graphite export control measures",
    "titleEnSource": "self",
    "documentNumber": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 39 (2023)",
    "policyStatus": "active",
    "mechanism": [
      "export_control",
      "dual_use_license"
    ],
    "affectedMaterialIds": [
      "graphite"
    ],
    "affectedSectors": [
      "battery",
      "semiconductor",
      "defense",
      "industrial"
    ],
    "summary": "Effective 1 December 2023, three high-sensitivity synthetic and natural-flake graphite categories moved onto the dual-use control list; five low-sensitivity items were de-controlled. Replaced the 2006 temporary graphite regime.",
    "analyticalSignificance": "Targeted EV-battery anode supply; stated justification cited national security and non-proliferation obligations. Original-language text and a quoted framing anchor are not yet coded for this record.",
    "supersededByEventId": null,
    "sourceIds": [
      "src-mofcom-39",
      "src-iea-graphite-2023"
    ],
    "verificationStatus": "verified",
    "intakeMode": "backfill",
    "lifecycle": {
      "officialPublicationDate": "2023-10-20",
      "discoveredAt": null,
      "verifiedAt": null,
      "publishedAt": null
    }
  },
  "framing": [
    {
      "id": "fc-cn-graphite-natsec",
      "eventId": "evt-cn-graphite-2023",
      "actor": "china",
      "category": [
        "national_security"
      ],
      "quoteOriginal": "为维护国家安全和利益",
      "quoteEn": "to safeguard national security and interests",
      "quoteEnSource": "self",
      "sourceId": "src-mofcom-39",
      "notes": "Justification clause of Announcement No. 39 (2023), from the MOFCOM primary. The graphite announcement text does not carry the non-proliferation clause, so only national security is coded — a real, narrower framing than the rare-earth and tungsten measures."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-mofcom-39",
      "title": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 39 of 2023 (graphite)",
      "publisher": "Ministry of Commerce (China)",
      "url": "https://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/qdml/art/2023/art_28aca48820d94a1ca822047d6716c1d6.html",
      "language": "zh",
      "datePublished": "2023-10-20",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-06-16",
      "sourceType": "official",
      "confidence": "primary",
      "notes": "Primary MOFCOM/GACC announcement (No. 39 of 2023) optimising and adjusting temporary export-control measures on graphite items; source of the verbatim Chinese justification clause."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-iea-graphite-2023",
      "title": "Announcement on the Optimisation and Adjustment of Temporary Export Control Measures for Graphite Items",
      "publisher": "International Energy Agency (IEA)",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/policies/17933-announcement-on-the-optimisation-and-adjustment-of-temporary-export-control-measures-for-graphite-items",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": null,
      "dateAccessed": "2026-06-13",
      "sourceType": "dataset",
      "confidence": "secondary",
      "notes": "IEA policy database summary of MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 39 (2023) on graphite."
    }
  ]
}