{
  "event": {
    "id": "evt-cn-gage-2023",
    "date": "2023-07-03",
    "jurisdiction": "china",
    "issuingBody": "MOFCOM",
    "titleOriginal": "商务部 海关总署公告2023年第23号 关于对镓、锗相关物项实施出口管制的公告",
    "titleOriginalLang": "zh",
    "titleEn": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 23 of 2023 on export controls on gallium- and germanium-related items",
    "titleEnSource": "self",
    "documentNumber": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 23 (2023)",
    "policyStatus": "active",
    "mechanism": [
      "export_control",
      "dual_use_license"
    ],
    "affectedMaterialIds": [
      "gallium",
      "germanium"
    ],
    "affectedSectors": [
      "semiconductor",
      "energy",
      "defense"
    ],
    "summary": "Effective 1 August 2023, eight gallium-related and six germanium-related items require a dual-use export license from provincial MOFCOM (not a ban). First major Chinese critical-material control of this cycle, days after expanded US/allied semiconductor controls.",
    "analyticalSignificance": "Established the licensing template (end-use/end-user disclosure, roughly 60-day review) reused in later controls; exports to the US fell to near zero.",
    "supersededByEventId": null,
    "sourceIds": [
      "src-mofcom-23",
      "src-iea-gage-2023",
      "src-globaltimes-gage-2023"
    ],
    "verificationStatus": "verified",
    "intakeMode": "backfill",
    "lifecycle": {
      "officialPublicationDate": "2023-07-03",
      "discoveredAt": null,
      "verifiedAt": null,
      "publishedAt": null
    }
  },
  "framing": [
    {
      "id": "fc-cn-gage-natsec",
      "eventId": "evt-cn-gage-2023",
      "actor": "china",
      "category": [
        "national_security"
      ],
      "quoteOriginal": "为维护国家安全和利益",
      "quoteEn": "to safeguard national security and interests",
      "quoteEnSource": "self",
      "sourceId": "src-mofcom-23",
      "notes": "Justification clause of Announcement No. 23 (2023), verified verbatim against the MOFCOM primary. Re-anchored 2026-08-10: the claim previously cited a state-media English report that does not carry the Chinese text, and the wording coded at that time was a near-paraphrase that does not appear in the announcement. The announcement carries no non-proliferation clause, so only national security is coded — a real, narrower framing than the rare-earth and tungsten measures, and identical to the graphite announcement."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-mofcom-23",
      "title": "MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 23 of 2023 (gallium and germanium)",
      "publisher": "Ministry of Commerce (China)",
      "url": "https://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/qdml/art/2023/art_c2ae3d2061e14e97ba608de1ed565f78.html",
      "language": "zh",
      "datePublished": "2023-07-03",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-08-10",
      "sourceType": "official",
      "confidence": "primary",
      "notes": "Primary MOFCOM/GACC announcement (No. 23 of 2023) implementing export controls on gallium- and germanium-related items; effective 1 August 2023 (本公告自2023年8月1日起正式实施). Inspected directly for the verbatim Chinese justification clause. Like the graphite announcement and unlike the rare-earth and tungsten measures, the text carries no non-proliferation clause."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-iea-gage-2023",
      "title": "Announcement on the Implementation of Export Control of Items Related to Gallium and Germanium",
      "publisher": "International Energy Agency (IEA)",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/policies/17893-announcement-on-the-implementation-of-export-control-of-items-related-to-gallium-and-germanium",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": null,
      "dateAccessed": "2026-06-13",
      "sourceType": "dataset",
      "confidence": "secondary",
      "notes": "IEA policy database summary of MOFCOM/GACC Announcement No. 23 (2023)."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-globaltimes-gage-2023",
      "title": "China to impose export controls on key materials for chipmaking as West's 'chip war' escalates",
      "publisher": "Global Times",
      "url": "https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202307/1293637.shtml",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": null,
      "dateAccessed": "2026-06-13",
      "sourceType": "government_media",
      "confidence": "government_media",
      "notes": "Chinese state-media English-edition report on the July 2023 gallium/germanium controls and their stated national-security rationale."
    }
  ]
}